The Success of Henry VII in Improving Royal Finances Essay

The Success of Henry VII in Improving Royal Finances Henry VII was a political realist, he knew he needed a good financial base from which to run the country, but on a more personal note, he also saw the need to create a strong financial situation upon which to secure his reign and dynasty. As Caroline Rodgers states Henry was acutely aware of the importance of strong finances if he was to remain safely on the throne. However, it has often been said of Henry, No man has ascended to the throne with such a lack of financial experience and resources as Henry VII. S. B. Chrimes. How this inexperienced monarch was to stabilise the English economy and finances was a mixture of competent financial†¦show more content†¦As Tony Imperato points out, Medieval feudalism placed the monarch in the position of owner of all the lands in the realm, which he distributed to his nobles in return for their loyalty and service. As their overlord, the King could demand a payment whenever changes took place in landholding arrangements. This paved the way for the exploitation of his nobles in order to gain revenue. There were many means in which he did this. One was the system of wardship, and relief. These were concerned with the passing of land over to the son in a noble family. If the noble holding land died before his son had reached maturity, then the King claimed wardship. This effectively made him guardian of the heir and his lands. When a ward came of age, Henry could demand a livery payment, which was a large sum of money paid to allow the transfer of lands to its new, rightful owner. Similarly, even if the mature son of the noble was to receive the familys estate in due course when his time came, then a relief payment had toShow MoreRelatedTop Bangladeshi Business Icon6532 Words   |  27 Pagesto pay their profits to the moneylenders. His first loan, consisting of US$27.00 from his own pocket, was made to 42 women in the village, who made a net profit of BDT 0.50 (US$0.02) each on the loan. Accumulated through man y loans, this vastly improving Bangladeshs ability to export and import as it did in the past, resulting in a greater form of globalization and economic status. Dr. Yunus believed that given the chance the poor will repay the borrowed money and hence microcredit could be a viableRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesFalls Engineering 222 White Manufacturing 227 Martig Construction Company 229 Mohawk National Bank 231 5 NEGOTIATING FOR RESOURCES 235 Ducor Chemical 237 American Electronics International The Carlson Project 245 241 Contents vii 247 6 PROJECT ESTIMATING Capital Industries 249 Polyproducts Incorporated 251 Small Project Cost Estimating at Percy Company Cory Electric 259 Camden Construction Corporation 263 7 PROJECT PLANNING 267 258 Greyson Corporation 269 TeloxyRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesof you have asked that I identify which cases would be appropriate for the traditional coverage of topics as organized in typical marketing texts. With most cases it is not possible to truly compartmentalize the mistake or success to merely one topic. The patterns of success or failure tend to be more pervasive. Still, I think you will find the following classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of CasesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages44 Information Sources 44 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 62 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 63 The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 63 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 64 Relevant Executive Orders 64 vii WORKPLACE ISSUES: HRM Certification 44 Is a Career in HRM for Me? 45 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Purposely Distorting Information 46 Does HRM Really Matter? 46 HR Trends and Opportunities 47 Outsourcing 47 Professional Employer Organization (PEO) 47 SharedRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesinstructors who want to include this material in their tests. The featured use of cases is further enhanced in this edition. All cases have been updated and several new ones have been added for this edition. The short within-chapter Preface vii case illustrations—â€Å"In the International Spotlight† and â€Å"You Be the International Management Consultant†Ã¢â‚¬â€can be read and discussed in class. The revised or newly added â€Å"Integrative Cases† positioned at the end of each main part of the text were createdRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesobjectives Identifying competitors’ likely response profiles Competitor analysis and the development of strategy The competitive intelligence system The development of a competitive stance: the potential for ethical conflict Summary CONTENTS vii Stage Two: Where do we want to be? Strategic direction and strategic formulation 7 Missions and objectives 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Learning objectives Introduction The purpose of planning Establishing the corporate mission Influences on objectivesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesfor OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ OutcomesRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesindepth coverage of the most critical topics found in PMI’s Project Management vii viii Preface Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). People at all levels in the organization assigned to work on projects will find the text useful not only in providing them with a rationale for the use of project management tools and techniques but also because of the insights they will gain on how to enhance their contributions to project success. Our emphasis is not only on how the management process works, but more importantlyRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesHe has authored and coauthored more than 190 technical papers in these fields and is the author of twelve other books. Dr. Montgomery is a Fellow of the American Society for Quality, a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial Engineers, an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and an elected Academican of the International Academy of Quality. He is a Shewhart Medalist of the American SocietyRead MoreOne Significan t Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesalong with the growth in global commerce.12 Long-distance migration after the middle of the nineteenth century, by contrast, was mostly free. The transatlantic African slave trade, which had been banned by the British Empire in 1807 with limited success (a third of all slaves taken to the New World arrived after the ban) had come to a virtual end by the 1850s.13 The westward-bound movement of European indentured servants had ended decades earlier, and the eastward-bound movement declined to the

Historical Lens Criticism Free Essays

Historical Criticism Goal: Explain the content of literature based on in which it was written. Historical critics look at politics, ideas, culture, how people lived, etc. When an lazing literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Lens Criticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pros and Cons of Historical Criticism pros ; The historical lens is an accurate way to view history because people their thoughts and ideas through lit. ; These views can be Cons Some people say that the great pieces of literature do not need to be understood wrought a historical lens because their greatness is derived from a timeless, universal theme. The Historical Lens works in. Not only can we interpret literature from a historical background, but literature can help us understand history based on the time it was written. Killjoy example: List two ways the excerpt from â€Å"Killjoy† shows the author/united State’s opinion on the Vietnam war. 2. Historical Lens from the Loran The Loran was published in 1971. In 1970 there was a big push for the government to implement laws that will protect the environment . Dry. Issues took issues from one great lake. What lake was it, and what is the quote used to pr eve this? Historical Lens from â€Å"Sonnet X: Death Be Not Proud† In what way did religion and English culture shape the life and poetry of John Done? How does this illuminate the meaning of the poem? (Hint: Find evidence that inks Done with 17th century England) How to cite Historical Lens Criticism, Papers

Women to be the only Leaders of the World-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about the "Women to be the only Leaders of the World". Answer: The world at present is facing a lot of dilemmas. This ranges on a variety of issues which involve social, political and economic among others. Another crucial issue which has led to a lot of debate among all classes of people both men and women, is the concept whether women should be the leaders of the world or men. The argument put forward in this particular essay is that Women should be the only leaders of the world. There are several reasons which contribute to the particular statement. It is believed that women can be great listeners. It has been seen that when women are spoken to about any sort of problem or issue which any person faces they work on it immediately and as soon as possible. Thus women are dependable in that particular sense. In addition to this women are great collaborators. They have a genuine passion for working as a team with the other members of the group. Women encourage the sharing of ideas and they also come up with solutions that will be effective for any individual who is involved in the process. This means that they are successful as team leaders and also help giving every team member a chance to voice what they understand and be a significant part of the conversation (Ceil, 2012). In addition to this women are also accessible. They are not only physically present but they are open to any sort of discussions or issues which the people under them might face. This is due to the inherent motherly instinct within them and their desire to do things for others. This implies that they are much more likely to be supportive of individuals at all possible levels of the organisation which is not based on their rank or title. Women also focus on the personal growth of their team members. They are open to the search of methods which help in the overall improvement of personal skills. Thus it can be said that women have their emotional and social coefficients extremely high which are necessary traits in successful leaders (Rhode, 2016). Women are great motivators. They help in motivating the people working under them to achieve their personal as well as professional goals. Women often look for the factors which help their team members to feel motivated. They often take extra initiative to keep their team members motivated. The level of confidence shown by female leaders is sometimes not seen in even certain male leaders. Women executives are efficient so much so that in certain cases they perform more than they are ever required to do. In many cases the women executives are capable enough to view the field of activity with much more parity. Women are also better at problem solving. The business world needs more women leaders as it is believed that they are better at leading people (Furstinger, 2012). However there are several arguments which say that women are not good as leaders. This is said as people feel that women are extremely emotional and they do not know how to think strategically. The moody behaviour of women often harms their job or their role as leaders. Companies cannot afford to base their decisions on the whims of the women leaders. Several people believe that the women in any state of their careers always turn to men for everything. This section of the people believes that they cannot take any decisions on their own. In case the females cannot take their own decisions they cannot be suitable as leaders anywhere according to some people. According to most men, men are better leaders. These people feel that women cannot handle the responsibilities which come with leadership. Some narrow-minded people consider women to be suitable only in the role of housewives (Alexander Schweinle, 2016). Thus it can be said that leaders need to be chosen not on the basis of their gender but on the basis of their capabilities. The roles of males and females need to be chosen on the basis of how well they can perform in the particular role on the basis of their expertise and their skills. Some positions are tailor-made for women and some for men. Their positions in organisations need to chosen accordingly. Instead of criticizing women their abilities need to be applauded and they should be given the chance to move forward in their lives as well as in their careers. Women need to be allowed to prosper and this will make them great leaders. References: Alexander, M., Schweinle, W. (2016, January). Women and Leadership. InWhy Congress Needs Women: Bringing Sanity to the House and Senate: Bringing Sanity to the House and Senate(p. 61). ABC-CLIO. Ceil, C. (2012). Women in Leadership. Furstinger, N. (2012).Women and Leadership. The Rosen Publishing Group. Latu, I. M., Mast, M. S., Lammers, J., Bombari, D. (2013). Successful female leaders empower women's behavior in leadership tasks.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(3), 444-448. Rhode, D. L. (2016).Women and leadership. Oxford University Press. Toh, S. M., Leonardelli, G. J. (2013). Cultural constraints on the emergence of women leaders: How global leaders can promote women in different cultures.Organizational Dynamics,42(3), 191-197.

Sirk and Fassbinder All That Is Allowed Essay Example

Sirk and Fassbinder: All That Is Allowed Paper Genre films were created in the golden age of Hollywood as a way to pre-sell movies. The audience knew what to expect when they went to see a musical, a western or a melodrama because of the established genre archetypes. The melodrama as a film genre dates back to the inception of those genres created by Hollywood. In the forties and fifties the melodrama was referred to as womens films or weepies. Today melodramas are often referred to as a chick-flicks for the same reason because they are usually a romantic tragedy aimed at female viewers. Since Hollywood targets its blockbuster pictures at young men, the melodrama is often considered the red-headed step-child genre. Thomas Schatz describes the Melodrama as: applied to popular romances that depicted a virtuous individual (usually a woman) or couple (usually lovers) victimized by repressive and inequitable social circumstances, particularly those involving marriage, occupation, and the nuclear family (Schatz)1 Both films, Sirks All that Heaven Allows and Fassbinders Ali: Fear eats the Soul deal with women protagonists trying to find unconventional love while suffering criticism from the society around them. The word melodrame was first used in France meaning spoken drama with some musical accompaniment and the word melos originates from Greek meaning song. One of the key features of the melodrama is the music that accompanies the dramatic moments. The music in both films can be felt throughout, contributing to the mood of the film as much as the lighting and acting. In All that Heaven Allows Sirk uses sweeping orchestrations, common at that time, to bring the high points of the dramatic moments to a crescendo. We will write a custom essay sample on Sirk and Fassbinder: All That Is Allowed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sirk and Fassbinder: All That Is Allowed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sirk and Fassbinder: All That Is Allowed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fassbinder did not have much use for an orchestra using the ethnic Arabic music and contemporary music of the time to elicit his moments of drama. His choice of music also has a great impact letting the audience feel like they are somewhere exotic when Emmi steps out of the rain into the Arabic bar. All that Heaven Allows and Ali: Fear eats the Soul are ideal films to compare because Ali is Fassbinders remake of Sirks All that Heaven Allows. While the two stories share a common story thread of an older widower falling in love with a younger man, the films have a lot less in common than youd expect. In All that Heaven Allows Jane Wymans Cary Scott character is in her forties, she falls for Rock Hudsons Ron Kirby who is a few years younger than her, but more importantly he is not in the same elite suburban class Cary. Carys society life and her children are just some of the forces that drive them apart. The class difference in Ali does not exist, but in its place there are cultural and race issues topics that would have been hard for Sirk to explore in Hollywood in the fifties and an exaggerated age difference between Brigitte Miras Emmi and El Hedi ben Salems Ali. Fassbinder also chose to tell a larger story. While Ron and Cary meet in the beginning of All that Heaven Allows they are kept apart until the end of the film, Fassbinder chose to deal with the aftermath of Emmi and Alis decision to get married. To understand both films with regards to the genre and sub-genre we must look more closely at the familial interactions in the melodramas themselves. While All that Heaven Allows can be put into the sub-genre of the family melodrama, Ali: Fear eats the Soul cannot. In All that Heaven Allows Jane Wymans Cary sacrifices her love life for her children. A year later her children have all but abandoned her to live their own lives and she is left trapped her living room, reflecting in her misery upon her new companion, the television screen. The family melodrama by contrast, though dealing largely with same oedipal themes of emotional and moral identity, more often records the failure of the protagonist to act in a way that could shape the events and influence the emotional environment, let alone change the stifling social milieu. The world is closed, and the characters are acted upon. Melodrama confers on them a negative identity through suffering, and the progressive self-immolation and disillusionment generally ends in resignation: they emerge as lesser human beings for having become wise and acquiescent to the ways of the world. (Elsaesser)2 In Ali, Emmi makes no sacrifice for her family, they have already abandoned her to her loneliness and when she gathers them up in her living room to introduce her new husband to her children they are driven even further from her life. Her son Bruno, most likely in homage to Sirk, smashes the television screen freeing Emmi from her lonlieness. Although Emmi is upset that she has lost her children, she no longer needs the companionship of the TV because she has Ali. The subtle difference between Emmis actions and Carys actions differentiate the two films between family melodrama and melodrama. Another major difference between the two films is how Jane Wymans Cary is accepted by Rons friends compared to how Alis friends accept Emmi. Cary is immediately accepted into Rons extended family, while Emmi faced indifference, outrage and abuse when she encounters Alis friends and co-workers. Emmi and Alis whole relationship hinged on a dare that he should ask her to dance. When both Ali and Emmi realize how terribly lonely they both are, and how they enjoy each others company their mutual friendship begins. At the lowest point of Emmi and Alis relationship she is mocked by his co-workers calling her his grandmother. Even he laughs at her, it is a testament to her strong character and her love for him that keeps her trying to win him back. In All that Heaven Allows Ron Kirby [Rock Hudson] was the strong character, an emotional rock that represented a positive alternative lifestyle for Cary [Jane Wyman] with his views on nature and his love of books like Walden by Henry David Thoreau. In stark contrast Ali is a flawed character and when he is marginally accepted into Emmis world he has an identity crisis and flees into the bed of a former lover and her couscous. He ultimately falls to the fear and stress of being an outsider, making Emmi in some ways the stronger character. Ron Kirbys only mistake was slipping off the side of a cliff when he sees Cary driving away. What is true with every genre holds true with the family melodrama and that is good consistent characters make the emotional highs believable and the lows sustainable until the next high arrives. Sirks characters were not only believable, but they helped subvert the political climate of the time by painting a tender and desirable portrait of the outsider. The outsider, Rock Hudsons Ron Kirby, was a good person who embraced un-American ideals his views on work, his closeness with nature and his society-be-damned attitude could have been viewed as communist propaganda in a time where McCarthyism dictated Hollywood morals. It was precisely this outsider as a hero portrayal that Fassbinder enjoyed. Fassbinder was a gay filmmaker in Germany in the late 60s and 70s and he was an outsider. As evinced in Ali, everyone could still remember what it was like when Hitler was in power, his favorite restaurants and how everyone was in the Nazi party. Twenty or thirty years earlier gays along with Gypsies, communists and Jews were the pariah of society, and were taken away for being outsiders. There are two minor characters in each story that are sympathetic, if not supportive of the lead womens quest to find love and happiness. In All that Heaven Allows the doctor advises her to ignore what other people think and be with Ron. Not being with him is causing her migraines and unhappiness. The landlords son in Ali is a similar to the Doctor. He may represent what Fassbinder hopes how all Germans should behave. When we are introduced to him, he thinks that Ali is a subletter, but when he finds out that they are to be married he is not judgmental even though the audience expects it. When the other tenants in the building complain to him about Ali, he scolds them for trying to upset Emmis happiness. These characters are minor, but placing them alongside the larger story it helps the melodrama from seeming hopeless for the audience. The melodrama is close cousin to the film noir genre. Both genres use objects to box in and trap their protagonists. The use of mirrors and shadow evoke emotions that would not be as effective as dialogue. Sirk was a master at mirror and shadows, caging Jane Wymans Cary in a suburban house and forcing her to sit alone with her television. Her daughter references the Egyptian widows being buried alive with their husband and how they dont want that for her mother, but not only do they plan just that, they will move her to a smaller tomb and force her to keep company with Uncle Milty and her new Television. Fassbinder achieves the same moodiness keeping Ali and Emmi boxed in with brilliant framing. He did not use shadows to evoke emotion as did Sirk, but instead used distance to convey a sense of loneliness. When his characters were being judged by society they could be found behind doorframes, staircase railings and a sea of empty tables and chairs. Fassbinders French New Wave roots let whole scenes run with one take and simply panning from one character to another as if we were eavesdropping on their lives. What is important to Cary is representative of the time that All that Heaven Allows was filmed. Standing in the community and being proper. The same can be said to be true about Emmi in Ali. What is important to her isnt what people think, she is clueless as to what is wrong with foreigners, but the most important thing to her is happiness. In one scene her co-workers complain that foreigners are lazy and lay about having sex and drinking all day long and in the next scene she visits her daughter and her son-in-law, who is at home pretending to be ill and drinking. Her worst critic was the cleaning woman who in the end turns out to be stealing from the company. These movie genre guidelines might seem inhibitive to creative directors like Douglas Sirk or Rainer Werner Fassbinder, but in fact they may have been liberating, allowing them greater freedom to explore character development and occasionally break these rules with greater impact. Sirk was able to make movies during the forties and fifties that Fassbinder described as subversive political statements that were effective instruments against social oppression within the Hollywood studio system because of the freedom that the genre archetype afforded him. Sirks Hollywood melodramas were made at a time when studios exerted strict control over the messages in its films fearing for the industry itself during McCarthy era politics. What Fassbinder found in Sirks films was a way to tell a narrative story within the boundaries of the genre while still being subversive. Fassbinders earlier films were more Godardian in nature pulling the viewers abruptly out of the story. With Sirks influence Fassbinder managed to pull the viewer into the narrative of the melodrama so the audience would care about his characters, but still maintain a topical distance so the viewer would have to think about the subject matter and apply it their everyday life. Fassbinder was part of a movement of new German filmmakers who were flouting the classical Hollywood cinema style because they felt the characters were tepid, with problems that were glossed over for pretty boy actors and actresses. Whether Sirk was able to slip a subversive film past the Hollywood Studios by putting in a happy deer frolicking by the window in the closing credits of All that Heaven Allows or whether there was just a different mindset running the studios back then, Sirk was able to make strong social commentary on conformism, materialism and television.

Electric Submersible Pump Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example

Electric Submersible Pump Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example Electric Submersible Pump Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Electric Submersible Pump Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Electric Submersible Pump Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Electric submersible pump (ESP) or sub pump is a device having hermetically sealed motor that is coupled to the pump body. The entire system is submerged into the fluid to be pumped. Submersible pumps are more efficient than jet pumps as they push fluid to the surface whereas jet pump pulls the fluid. Moreover these pumps prevent pump cavitation that is cause by high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Visit Complete Report Here: marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/electric-submersible-pump-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2013-2019 The electric submersible pump systems are one of the most effective artificial lift methods of pumping fluids to the surface. They are widely used in the oil and gas industry due to its higher efficiency, low maintenance and low space requirements. ESP are used to take out product s from wells with low bottom hole pressure effectively. They are high volume and depth champions among other oil field lift systems. On the other hand these systems needs vey high voltage and electric supply and as they produce highly viscous oils moreover the ESP systems are less flexible and can’t be operated at variable speed. The growing oil gas industry is driving the market for ESP systems and has several opportunities for the market in future.The major application of ESP is segmented in two types including onshore water flood operations and all the other subsea productions where large volume of fluids has to be lifted. The ESP pumps are found in many applications that can be categorized in two type single stage pumps and multiple stage pumps. The single stage pumps are used for drainage, industrial pumping and sewage pumping and multiple stage submersible are typically borehole that is used for residential, commercial and industrial water

Understanding the Wuthering Heights Title

Understanding the Wuthering Heights Title Wuthering Heights is a great title! It sounds Gothicit sets the mood for one of the most dramatic and tragic love stories in literary history. But, what is the significance of the title? Why is it important? How does it relate to the setting or characterization? The title of the novel is also the name of the Yorkshire family estate, located on the moors, but Emily Bronte appears to have used the title to imbue the text with a feeling of dark foreboding. She carefully created the mood of the novel and placed her characters on the wild moors. Other reasons for the title: Wutheringmeaning quite literally windy or blusterysets the scene for the volatile, often-stormy-passionate relationships in the novel, but it also sets the stage with the feeling of isolation and mystery.The setting is based on the Elizabethan farmhouse, Top Withens (or Top Within), located near Haworth, West Yorkshire, England. Heres more information (photos, description, etc.), from Haworth Village.In Ch 1 of the novel, we read: Wuthering Heights is the name of Mr. Heathcliffs dwelling. Wuthering being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather. Pure, bracing ventilation they must have up there at all times, indeed: one may guess the power of the north wind blowing over the edge, by the excessive slant of a few stunted firs at the end of the house; and by a range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun. Happily, the architect had the foresight to build it stron g: the narrow windows are deeply set in the wall, and the corners defended with large jutting stones. In the Preface, we read: It is rustic all through. It is Moorish  and wild, and knotty as a root of heath. Nor was it natural that it should be otherwise; the author being herself a native and nursling of the moors. Doubtless, had her lot been cast in a town, her writings, if she had written at all, would have possessed another character. Even had a chance or taste led her to choose a similar subject, she would have treated it otherwise... her native hills were far more to her than a spectacle; they were what she lived for, and by, as much as the wild birds, their tenants, or as the heather, their produce. Her descriptions, then, of natural scenery are what they should be, and all they should be.We also read in the Preface: Having avowed that over much of Wuthering Heights there broods a horror of great darkness; that, in its storm-heated and electrical atmosphere, we seem at times to breathe lightning: let me point to those spots where clouded daylight and the eclipsed sun still a ttest their existence. The setting of the placeso dark moody and stormyalso sets the perfect stage for her obstinate lovers, who carry on such a tumultuous relationship. And, with ghostly visitations, and multiple generations in the mix, its all a mess of supernatural portents and mad passions. (We could almost recollect a Shakespearean tragedy.) Every relationship is charged... The landscape is the personification of the turmoil experienced by the characters of Wuthering Heights. Also, the raw, even (what has been described as) animalistic passions of the novel reminds us once again of the long and controversial history of the novel.

The Impact of Technological Advancement in the Marketing and Sales Essay

The Impact of Technological Advancement in the Marketing and Sales Strategies of Senior Citizen Home Safety Association (NGO) - Essay Example SCHSA began operating to provide services for the elderly. The tremendous growth of technological advancement has become the driving force of the market nowadays. Due to the idea of completing the services for the elders, the organization also promote the kind of service marketing that can boost their competency and credibility in the market. The paper will discuss about the innovation is an important aspect of business and will affect the marketing and sales strategies of SCHSA. It will go through assessing the recent product/device that SCHSA promoted which is the MobileLink service. Furthermore, the discussion will be also focus on the functionality of the technology and if it’s capable in meeting the organization’s objectives. IT Solution in Literature: In today’s modern world, both information technology and society are co-evolving (Hearst and Grudin, 1999). From the last decade, there has been increasing trend towards adopting technology for social interact ion in the society (Hearst and Grudin, 1999). It has been suggested that with the increased rate of IT adoption, it is imperative to understand how technology can be made sophisticated for our social interaction (Hearst and Grudin, 1999). ... The influence of the technological advancements seems to be part of the modern organization. The adoption of appropriate IT solutions impacts ability of an organization to achieve goals. the available literature argues that the development of information systems communication technologies (ICT) will impact the health care (Pegesy et al. 2002) In the modern-day organization, the core competencies do not only lie on the mission or vision and even the application of the organizational strategies. The technological advancement or for such the information technology solution has being part of the organization’s core competencies. Therefore, the IT solution that can be consider as part of the organization’s strategic management consists of the set of skills, experiences, and abilities that may represent the organization’s vision and mission. It has been argued by porter that the capabilities of the technologies might be part of the collective learning which are unique so this at it difficult for competitors to adopt. Senior Citizen Home Safety Association (SCHSA) is a non-profit NGO (non-governmental organization) in Hong Kong (http://www.schsa.org.hk/index_eng.html). SCHSA began operating to provide services for the elderly. The tremendous growth of technological advancement has become the driving force of the market nowadays. The NGO service delivery is provision of care (emotional care, mantle health care) to elderly. As a part of Citizen Home Safety Association’s strategy, the objectives that the NGO strives to achieve include care for aged above 60. The care they prove is broad in the sense that the NGO is continuously working for providing support on emotions, mental wellbeing and

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cuban Missile Crisis - Essay Example The first team of negotiations comprised of Moscow while the second side comprised of a prominent team of high ranging advisors, with the inclusion of â€Å"the exclusive committee of the national security council†. Though his advisers took part in the discussions or negotiations, it was only the trusted ones that were updated on vital missile concessions.This information was kept a secret from the public, in order to fuel fast resolution of the Cuban missile crisis, president J.F. Kennedy usually engaged in talks with two parties or sides in purse of a quick and lasting solution. The first team of negotiations comprised of Moscow while the second side comprised of a prominent team of high ranging advisors, with the inclusion of â€Å"the exclusive committee of the national security council†. Though his advisers took part in the discussions or negotiations, it was only the trusted ones that were updated on vital missile concessions. The executive committee almost put a dent on the diplomatic solution towards finding a solution to the Cuban missile crisis, their attempt ranged from cold strikes to forming blockages, despite of all these the president was still willing to fight for the resolution. Kennedy went a step further and authorized the secretary of state D. Rusk to publicly make an announcement during the United Nations meeting; this was meant to be if the secret agreement was not to be honored by the soviets but Kennedy was quickly relieved after Moscow accepted to honor the deal and keep it as a top secret.

Brutus, Antonius, Cassius, and Caesar Essay Example for Free

Brutus, Antonius, Cassius, and Caesar Essay It is 101 BC, the Roman Empire is at its zenith, and a man named Julius Caesar has the power of it within his grasp. Unwanted till now, he soon realizes the influence he now holds over so many lives. Perhaps he is naà ¯ve. However, if choosing who out of Marcus Brutus, Marcus Antonius, Cassius, and Julius Caesar; I choose whom the people chose. Julius Caesar would have been an extraordinary leader of Rome. As a revered general for the empire, he conquered many with an iron fist of trepidity including the dreaded Pompey, whose statue later, in a twisted sense of irony, Caesar meets his untimely fate upon. Caesar was a person the people of Rome could look up to, relate to, and follow. He was born and raised in Rome, joined the army at a young age and showed an almost predilectory understanding of warfare. He rose through the ranks to become the greatest general that Rome had ever known. Caesar was a remarkable man, with many kingly qualities such as his luminosity, endurance, perceptiveness, love for the people, any many, many more. He very well might have been the greatest leader that Rome would even know if not for the inequitable ideas of one man, Cassius. It was only after his return from conquering the mighty Pompey that the glory of Rome became to apparent to Julius Caesar. He wanted the crown; he wanted it like a child wants candy. With his advanced knowledge of subliminal tactics, he devised a plan that would force the citizens to beg him to take the crown. His beloved servant and yes-man, Marcus Antonius, offered him the crown three times with thousands there to witness the event; and each time Caesar refused the crown. Not because he did not want it, for he craved the crown; but because it was part of his brilliant plan. Mark Antonius speaks with anger and passion as he recounts the event of Caesars murder at his funeral, asking the people if Caesars death was truly justifiable: You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him with a kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse. Was this ambition? III: II: 102-4. At the time the event-which Anotnius gave as evidence that Caesar was not an ambitious  man, which was Brutuss only given reason for partaking in the atrocious manslaughter-Caesar showed such restraint that he had some sort of seizure on stage and was carried away by Antonius and several other men. He showed great power over himself by refusing his craving; a quality that I believe would have made him an excellent leader. Perhaps Antonius did not know of Caesars plan, which is why he spoke so highly of him. Antonius later pleaded with the people of Rome to see the truth, what truth can lie within a dishonest man such as Caesar? A man whom lied in order to persuade the citizens of Rome to make him their king. However dishonest Caesars actions might have been, he showed brilliance and patience on the Lupercal, qualities which are required for a leader, which is quite possibly why the people of Rome chose him over any other men. What ultimately led Caesar to his demise can be construed as either a positive or negative trait when put before one in different contexts. What led him to his death were both his love for Rome, and more importantly his greed. He was a man for the people, believing that he was Gods gift to them; Caesar wanted more then anything to make Rome the greatest Empire the world would ever know, yet he would stop at nothing to accomplish this. His greed would have possibly led the people of Rome into chains, forcing them to work their entire lives in order to better the empire, which is why several members of the Senate felt the need to end his plan before it began. Just after he had killed Caesar, Brutus spoke to the people attempting to explain why he had done what he felt must be done: If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen? III: II: 21-5. Brutus was right in the fact that his predictions could have very well come true, but he was wrong in assuming Caesar would not have bettered the empire for the next generation. I believe that Brutus was thinking in the right now sense, instead of tomorrow. Yes, Caesar was ambitious, and yes he was greedy, both of which are necessary qualities for a leader. Many would say that Julius Caesar would have made a horrible leader; that he was naà ¯ve, paltry, inconsiderate, pretentious, and that he had a serious  inadequacy of experience when it came to political affairs. Most would not look further then the fact that he had little experience with politics, and only see his influence to the people as a threat; a very good quality for a man in an authorial position to have, influence. I am almost certain though, that if either Brutus or Cassius had actually sat down and discussed with Caesar what his plans for the future of Rome were, they would have had a serious change of heart and mind. Caesar was a good man who had many ideas as to what an eminent empire requires. His slaughter was untimely and a grievous event which sparked a war within Rome; an event that, ironically, the conspirators had worked so hard to prevent. Caesar would have been an excellent leader of Rome because he not only refrained from making impetuous and misguided deci sions about the other characters, but he displayed selfless loyalty to the citizens of Rome and to those he loved. It is striking and shocking to think what may have happened to the world as we know it if Julius Caesar had lived, lead, and loved.

Alert, Alerter, Alertest :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Alert, Alerter, Alertest "Our military at home and around the world is on high alert status and we have taken the necessary security precautions to continue the functions of your government." President George W. Bush, September 11, 2001 As an American, I am on a state of high alert much of the time. I tend to be alert to inequities, discrimination, intolerance, injustice, restriction of liberty. "Give me liberty or give me death," was Patrick Henry's cry. "Live Free or Die" is New Hampshire's motto. I am alert to affronts to democracy. My American nervous system is on alert, like a smoke detector, to tell me of dangers and threats. I have American sensors, receptors, antennae. They are set to pick up any trace of insults and injuries to the American way of life. We Americans have a sensitivity to mistreatment of people, to bias, prejudice, abridgements of democratic principles. We've got 10 of them in our secular form of the Ten Commandments of Moses. But more than this bill of particulars, our Bill of Rights, we have additional rights. They include the Declaration of Independence's "inalienable rights"--life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They probably include Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms- "The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world. "The third is freedom from want -- which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world. "The fourth is freedom from fear -- which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world." (Jan. 6, 1941) In addition to such explicit statements, we are concerned about other rights that are implicit. And we are alert to them as well. Social conscience is one form of our patriotism. A patriot of democracy believes in disagreement, in unpopular ideas, thoughts, and opinions. What is unpatriotic is mob behavior, complacency, conformity, when everyone does the same thing.

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

Weller like† â€Å"bottle, glass and violin â€Å"Queering†, and † dove of peace. † Picasso had four paintings in the list of the top 10 highest auction price paintings. In an opinion poll he had been overwhelmingly elected to the greatest artist of the 20th century. And he is the first artist seen his works collected into the Louvre alive. Once, Picasso father found he was painting an unfinished sketch of a pigeon. After observing the precision of his son's technique, Picasso father realized that his 13 years old son has surpassed him, and he swore that he will never paint again.Picasso is a genius painter. Most of Picasso paintings have rich styling, which meaner the use of space color and line. 20th century is a fast changing world, and this century belongs to Picasso. After the age of 30, Picasso entered one after another restless exploration period. Just like his personal life, his works are lack of consistency, continuity and stability. He did not have fixed ideas like many other artists, which made his art fickle and elusive. The world never had an artist who restructured art like Picasso.Picasso had many influential paintings, and â€Å"Queering† was one of them. Picasso completed the painting of â€Å"Queering† in 1937. The medium of the painting is oil on canvas. â€Å"Queering† is primarily a war painting, offering a visual account of the devastating and chaotic impact of war on civilians. In this ABA 2 painting, people are screaming, crying and escaping from the bombing, some people are still alive, but some already dead. Humans and animals Jumbled together into a background of broken hard-edged geometric shapes, reminiscent of Cubism.Compare to Picasso other paintings in his Blue and Rose Periods the predominant color of â€Å"Queering† is mostly black, which might symbols death. Picasso Queering is most likely influenced by Francisco De Soya, a Spanish artist who often painted war paintings. 19 06 to 1909 was Picasso African Period. During this period Picasso Style which was strongly influenced by African sculpture and traditional African masks. â€Å"Less Demolishes Davidson† is an oil painting painted in 1907. Demolishes Davidson† was a name given by the French poet And © Salmon. The painting was originally called â€Å"El Border Davidson†. The painting was influenced by Paul Cezannes â€Å"The Bathers†. Picasso stroke out two men figures in the painting and only pet the five women figures. The reductionism and contortion of space in the painting was incredible, and dislocation of faces explosive. This painting exposed the true genius and novelty of Picasso passion. The women appear as slightly menacing and rendered with angular and disjointed body shapes.Three figures in the painting exhibit facial features in the Iberian style of Picasso native Spain, while the other two are shown with African mask features. Picasso African Period laid a so lid foundation for the Cubist revolution. Picasso made valuable contributions to art throughout his entire life. Pablo Picasso was born in a poor family in southern Spain. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. The family moved to A Corona in 1891, because Picasso father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts.Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. At the age of 7, Picasso father started to train him about sketch and painting. And during the trainings Picasso showed that he had thoroughly grasped naturalistic conventions at a very young age. In 1895, Picasso 7 year old sister Contain died of diphtheria. And Picasso was traumatized by her death. After some incomplete sessions of art school in Barcelona ABA 3 and Madrid, Picasso spent his adolescence associating with the group of Catalan modernists who gathered at Else Equate Cats in Barcelona.From there he moved to Paris, where he quickly found l ikened poets and painters. His work began to attract serious critical attention and praise by the time he was twenty. His first mature work was around 1901, which is classified as his Blue Period. He painted anecdotal scenes of clowns, vagrants, and prostitutes, all in tones of blue. Important early works include his â€Å"Self- Portrait† (1901) and â€Å"La Vie† (1903). As the time moved forward, Picasso painting developed, and he met the right people in Paris. In 1904, he met Oliver a Bohemia model and they fell in love, and his Rose Period began.His subject matter remained much the same compare to his Blue Period, but his tones were warmer, rosier with orange and pink colors, and the atmosphere of his paintings was gayer. And Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings. This is sometimes called Picasso Rose Period, but really there was no marked technical change between this and the Blue Period. Picasso African influenced Period was during 1907 to 1909 and formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.During 1909 to 1912 Picasso and Georges Braque's developed Cubism. Cubism is one of the most radical restructuring of the way that a work of art constructs its meaning. Cubism is a term that was derived from a reference made to geometric schemes and cubes. Cubism has been known as the first and the most influential of all movements in 20th century art. Before Picasso did any cubism paintings, there were works exhibiting a raw intensity and violence due to his reading of monoester art aligned with European primitivism.This contrasting position provided the dynamic for Picasso work. In his paintings such as Mother and Child, Picasso showed the fetishistic and simplifying aspects of primitivism. In his paintings Picasso used bright hues and subdued grays and earth colors. And he found out that shapes could have meaning and identities by their arrangement. Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in No ggins, France. And he was buried in the grounds of a chi ¤attain the village of Buenaventura in the south of France.But his contribution for art secured his immortality ABA 4 Pablo Picasso a genius artist in the 20th century, made tremendous contributions to art throughout his entire life. Throughout his life, he created hundreds and thousands of paintings with different styles, from Surrealist to neo-classical, shows that his artistic vitality transcends any one style. When people asked about the secret of his artistic creation, he replied â€Å"People don't realize what they have when they own a picture by me. Each picture is a phial with my blood. That is what has gone into it. † Pablo Picasso is a real genius. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon Weller like† â€Å"bottle, glass and violin â€Å"Queering†, and † dove of peace. † Picasso had four paintings in the list of the top 10 highest auction price paintings. In an opinion poll he had been overwhelmingly elected to the greatest artist of the 20th century. And he is the first artist seen his works collected into the Louvre alive. Once, Picasso father found he was painting an unfinished sketch of a pigeon. After observing the precision of his son's technique, Picasso father realized that his 13 years old son has surpassed him, and he swore that he will never paint again.Picasso is a genius painter. Most of Picasso paintings have rich styling, which meaner the use of space color and line. 20th century is a fast changing world, and this century belongs to Picasso. After the age of 30, Picasso entered one after another restless exploration period. Just like his personal life, his works are lack of consistency, continuity and stability. He did not have fixed ideas like many other artists, which made his art fickle and elusive. The world never had an artist who restructured art like Picasso.Picasso had many influential paintings, and â€Å"Queering† was one of them. Picasso completed the painting of â€Å"Queering† in 1937. The medium of the painting is oil on canvas. â€Å"Queering† is primarily a war painting, offering a visual account of the devastating and chaotic impact of war on civilians. In this ABA 2 painting, people are screaming, crying and escaping from the bombing, some people are still alive, but some already dead. Humans and animals Jumbled together into a background of broken hard-edged geometric shapes, reminiscent of Cubism.Compare to Picasso other paintings in his Blue and Rose Periods the predominant color of â€Å"Queering† is mostly black, which might symbols death. Picasso Queering is most likely influenced by Francisco De Soya, a Spanish artist who often painted war paintings. 19 06 to 1909 was Picasso African Period. During this period Picasso Style which was strongly influenced by African sculpture and traditional African masks. â€Å"Less Demolishes Davidson† is an oil painting painted in 1907. Demolishes Davidson† was a name given by the French poet And © Salmon. The painting was originally called â€Å"El Border Davidson†. The painting was influenced by Paul Cezannes â€Å"The Bathers†. Picasso stroke out two men figures in the painting and only pet the five women figures. The reductionism and contortion of space in the painting was incredible, and dislocation of faces explosive. This painting exposed the true genius and novelty of Picasso passion. The women appear as slightly menacing and rendered with angular and disjointed body shapes.Three figures in the painting exhibit facial features in the Iberian style of Picasso native Spain, while the other two are shown with African mask features. Picasso African Period laid a so lid foundation for the Cubist revolution. Picasso made valuable contributions to art throughout his entire life. Pablo Picasso was born in a poor family in southern Spain. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. The family moved to A Corona in 1891, because Picasso father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts.Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. At the age of 7, Picasso father started to train him about sketch and painting. And during the trainings Picasso showed that he had thoroughly grasped naturalistic conventions at a very young age. In 1895, Picasso 7 year old sister Contain died of diphtheria. And Picasso was traumatized by her death. After some incomplete sessions of art school in Barcelona ABA 3 and Madrid, Picasso spent his adolescence associating with the group of Catalan modernists who gathered at Else Equate Cats in Barcelona.From there he moved to Paris, where he quickly found l ikened poets and painters. His work began to attract serious critical attention and praise by the time he was twenty. His first mature work was around 1901, which is classified as his Blue Period. He painted anecdotal scenes of clowns, vagrants, and prostitutes, all in tones of blue. Important early works include his â€Å"Self- Portrait† (1901) and â€Å"La Vie† (1903). As the time moved forward, Picasso painting developed, and he met the right people in Paris. In 1904, he met Oliver a Bohemia model and they fell in love, and his Rose Period began.His subject matter remained much the same compare to his Blue Period, but his tones were warmer, rosier with orange and pink colors, and the atmosphere of his paintings was gayer. And Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings. This is sometimes called Picasso Rose Period, but really there was no marked technical change between this and the Blue Period. Picasso African influenced Period was during 1907 to 1909 and formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.During 1909 to 1912 Picasso and Georges Braque's developed Cubism. Cubism is one of the most radical restructuring of the way that a work of art constructs its meaning. Cubism is a term that was derived from a reference made to geometric schemes and cubes. Cubism has been known as the first and the most influential of all movements in 20th century art. Before Picasso did any cubism paintings, there were works exhibiting a raw intensity and violence due to his reading of monoester art aligned with European primitivism.This contrasting position provided the dynamic for Picasso work. In his paintings such as Mother and Child, Picasso showed the fetishistic and simplifying aspects of primitivism. In his paintings Picasso used bright hues and subdued grays and earth colors. And he found out that shapes could have meaning and identities by their arrangement. Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in No ggins, France. And he was buried in the grounds of a chi ¤attain the village of Buenaventura in the south of France.But his contribution for art secured his immortality ABA 4 Pablo Picasso a genius artist in the 20th century, made tremendous contributions to art throughout his entire life. Throughout his life, he created hundreds and thousands of paintings with different styles, from Surrealist to neo-classical, shows that his artistic vitality transcends any one style. When people asked about the secret of his artistic creation, he replied â€Å"People don't realize what they have when they own a picture by me. Each picture is a phial with my blood. That is what has gone into it. † Pablo Picasso is a real genius.

Much Ado About Nothing and Othello

The two villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello share much in common, despite their numerous differences. It is evident that Shakespeare framed the second piece of literature to be similar to the first. Although shorter, the plot of Othello is definitely more complex. The villains play a major part in the novels, and are very much alike in their line of thinking. The comedy, Much Ado About Nothing depicts the story of a group of high-ranking soldiers who travel through a town called Messina. They had been to the town before, and this time Claudio confesses his love for the governors aughter, Hero. Because Leonato is so fond of Claudio, the wedding is set to be a few days away. This gives Don John, Claudios bastard brother, a chance to show his true hatred for Claudio. He comes up with a scheme to make Claudio think that Hero is cheating by dressing Margaret in her clothing and perching her near the window with another man. When Claudio sees this, he says that he will humiliate Hero instead of marrying her. The next day Claudio does exactly as he had said, degrading Hero in front of all her family and friends. Because he did not cheat on him, she did not expect that kind of reaction. She is so dejected that she faints, and everyone assumes she is dead. Eventually Borrachio is overheard talking about Don Johns plan, and Don John is arrested. Later Claudio learns that Hero is not actually dead, and they are finally married. Othellos Iago is very much similar to Don John. He wants to get revenge on Othello for not being chosen as lieutenant and also suspects that Othello has slept with Emilia. Somehow Iago manages to manipulate Othello into thinking that Desdemona heated on him. When he demands that she show him the handkerchief he had given her, and she does not, he is convinced that she is being unfaithful. This is when he decides that he must kill her. Later in the novel Othello suffocates Desdemona out of jealousy. The villains of both novels contain an unusually large number of similarities. Both Don John and Iago are determined to break up the key relationships of the two novels. Iago tricks Othello for revenge, Don John out of sheer hatred for Claudio. The bastard brother goes through a period here he acts very pleasant toward Claudio, and Iago seems to be the ally of Othello throughout the entire piece. Both Don John and Othello used unsuspecting women to break up the main characters. Don John used Margaret and Iago used Emilia. Finally, both villains are strong egotists. Don John shows it in the way that he does not interact with the other characters. Iago believes that Othello is much too trusting, and respects no one but himself. Although Shakespeare meant to create these two evil characters alike, there are a few differences etween them. Don John set up Claudio using other people to convince him. I go used his manipulative speaking and wits, along with Othellos gullible nature to convince him. Don John and Iago caused the two main characters to take different methods of revenge on their women. Othello killed Desdemona in a jealous rage, whereas Claudio merely humiliated Hero. Iago seeks revenge on Othello for two reasons: he suspects Othello slept with Emilia, and he also despises Othello for choosing Cassio as lieutenant instead of him. One final and esounding difference between Don John and Iago has to do with the past of each character. Shakespeare portrays Iago as an intelligent and sometimes caring character until Othello supposedly wrongs him. On the other hand, Don John has more of an evil aura about him, and shows his hatred for Claudio right from the start. Overall, the characters of Don John and Iago are very similar, although the latter is much more intelligent and complex. These two men are what draw the readers attention to the novel, and share so much in common that the two seemingly unrelated works are read in tandem constantly.

Chronic Crisis Management in Malaysia Revisited Essays - Free Essays

Chronic Crisis Management in Malaysia Revisited Essays - Free Essays Chronic Crisis Management in Malaysia Revisited Introduction For the first time, Fontaine (2012) raised the issue of chronic crisis management in Malaysia. His initial study was inspired by an article in the Harvard Business Review by Bohn (2000) called "Stop Fighting Fires." Th e term "fighting fires" refers to a problem in many organisation where the corporate culture involves hiding problems rather than solving them. Although these problems temporarily "disappear" from top management's radar screen, it often resurfaces months later. Since 2012, the business environment has arguably become more complex and more unpredictable. This study, using the same instrument, aims to survey Malaysian managers in 2016 to make a comparison with the results collected in 2011 and published in 2012. The First Study The first study was based on an instrument developed by Fontaine (2012). Most of the text of Fontaine (2012) explored the constructs that made up the core of the instrument. Apart from the initial study by Bohn (2000), other studies that influenced the design of the instrument include constructs borrowed from Goldratt and Cox (1984) ("local measures of performances versus systemic measures of performance"), Perlow and Williams (2003) ("silence due to time constraint ") , Lapre and Van Wassenhove (2002) ("low conceptual learning and low operational learning") among others. Summarising the vast literature on this subject, Bohn (2000, p.84) explains that in successful organisations, " they don't tackle a problem unless they are committed to finding its root cause and finding a valid solution. They perform triage. They set realistic deadlines. Perhaps more im portant, they don't reward fire- fighting ." By contrast, unsuccessful organisati ons, top management talks about problem-solving but rewards hiding problems. Subordinates know that and act accordingly. To appreciate the significance of Bohn (2002), one has to read the account of the trials and tribulati ons at Ford Motor Company. Hoffman (2012) explains how internal fire-fighting led Ford to the edge of bankruptcy in 2006. It was the timely appointment of Alan Mulally as chief executive officer (2006 to 2014) that saved the company. He instantly killed the culture of hiding problems by rewarding executives that highlighted problems to his attention. Within a few weeks, senior leaders at Ford knew that it was more pleasing to the CEO to solve problems rather than hide them , so that is what they did. The initial survey included the answers of 150 respondents. Table 1 shows that fire-fighting (i.e. chronic crisis management) is the norm in Malaysian organisations. By and large, the fact that individuals were assessed for doing their job rather than solving systemic problems was the main contributing factors. This survey was really just an initial enquiry into the problems that plagues organisations worldwide (according to the literature) and Malaysia in particular (according to the survey). Obvious limitations to this study was the relatively low number of respondents and the lack of follow-up studies. Table 1 : Results of the first survey Question Average Standard Deviation 1 Fire- fighting in my organisation is normal 4.13 1.06 2 In my organisation, we are assessed on local measures of performance 4.08 1.22 3 To do my work, I depend on other people to do their part 3.74 1.44 4 In my organisation, the responsibility for change is given to teams, not individuals 3.72 1.39 5 Some of the policies in my organisation make it difficult for people to be effective 3.69 1.28 6 Many teams in my organisation do not function as smoothly as they should 3.38 1.31 7 My organisation only allows top down change 3.36 1.39 8 Most people in my organisation resist change 3.22 1.36 9 People in my organisation are expected to stay silent 2.97 1.42 10 In my organisation, many people don't know what their goal is 2.89 1.48 11 If I use my initiative to start bottom up change, I will be punished by others 2.74 1.31 12 In my organisation, there is not enough time to think about doing things properly 2.76 1.39 Source: Fontaine (2012) New Theoretical Developments Since 2012, there are new developments in the literature that are worth highlighting. First, the rise of complexity. Second, the rise of big data. Third, the problem of riba . The

!0 Tips for Excelling at a Job Interview

1. Be prepared. Try to find out enough information about the employer, the company and the position you are applying for. Going into an interview not knowing anything will be an unpleasant surprise for you 2. Be on time for the interview. This shows the employer that you are serious, dedicated and you’re punctuality is on point. This will make the employer have more interest in you 3. Make sure that you’re resume is believable an up to date. Include previous experiences in any type of work field.Extreme lies on you’re resume will be obvious and will ruin you’re chances of even getting the job. 4. Show confidence and try not to show signs of nervousness. Proving that you can compose yourself I a well manner under pressure is a great characteristic which will give the employer positive thoughts about you. 5. Don’t act like a know-it-all because no one knows it all. If you act like you know everything, this will make the employer feel like you can cause many conflicts in the workplace.If you don’t know how to answer a question, don’t make things up to sound good; most likely you will sound dumb. Just ask for a clearer explanation on the question and try your best to answer it. 6. When the employer is trying to speak, don’t cut them off. Try using your listening skills more than speaking to make yourself seen attentive and focused. This may be your interview but whatever the interviewer has to say to you is way more important than you blabbering away. 7. Have respect and show manners.Don’t chew gum or any type of food like substance during the interview. That can be very distracting and rude to the interviewer. 8. Refrain from trying to suck up to your interviewer. You don’t know them that well yet, nor do they know you well. Being too extravagant in an interview is never flattering and rather more annoying, pushy and desperate. They will most definitely not think you are the best fit for the job. 9. Keep eye contact with your interviewer to show the connection and interest in what you want to accomplish in the interview.This will also show that you actually care and make the interviewer believe that you are an alert and observant employee. 10. Please be sure to be yourself! Acting like somebody you’re not will get you little to nowhere if you get the job. When you are working, you won’t want to constantly act like something you’re not. To prevent that from happening, from the jump-start, show your true colors and personality. You’ll be surprised, many people will like you more if you be true to yourself.

Assignment from the book understanding human communication Case Study

Assignment from the book understanding human communication - Case Study Example These differences created concerns for me as I undermined his cultural values and expected him to act as per my cultural values. I think our relationship has acquired the stage of differentiating. As both of us shared close friendship therefore, we both want to keep a pace now. Although, Hideki didn’t show such emotions but his culture bound nature has created distances amongst us. Now that both of us have gained the commonalty, we need to reemphasize on our individual identities. Differentiation had to occur as Hideki’s behavior started disturbing me and I tended to avoid him despite of his kind nature. Hideki, bound by his culture, was too reserved to let me know about him, and that made me feel frustrated. The dialectic tensions operating in our relationship are of two types. Both of us do not want to forfeit our individualities. My own behavior shows a conflicting wish for staying connected as well as being independent. The other dialect tension encircling our relation is â€Å"openness vs. privacy†. As disclosure is one of the essentials of interpersonal relationships, but keeping a space between ourselves and others is also necessary. This leads to the creation of openness vs. privacy dilemma. Hideki belong to Japanese culture which is quite different from mine. Therefore, he may limit himself in disclosing as in his case self disclosure could be influenced by culture and it may occur incrementally. However, the guidelines suggest that as I am engaging myself in business partnership with Hideki, his disclosure to a reasonable degree is important to me at the situation at hand. The clear and understandable disclosure by both the parties is constructive in the long run. Hinting could be used as an alternative to self disclosure in this situation (Adler, Rodman & Cropley, 2011). Tempestuous, Scorching, arid, misty and story weather related adjectives could be used to describe

Morals and Ethics in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morals and Ethics in Organisations - Essay Example So, the system actually discourages proper ethics in business. Further complications are found in the hierarchical structure of businesses, the availability of corporate deniability and the tendency for corporation members to conform to established behaviour. Even if we could establish a flawless definition for ethical behaviour, and create a useful method for measurement, some way to harmonize business needs and ethical needs would have to be developed, and the rules would have to be agreed upon by all those in power. Perhaps the most practical method for encouraging ethical behaviour by organizations would be to make everything transparent. It was posed that the ,†The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits†, in Contemporary Moral Problems, (White 2000 233-238) but this attitude is becoming less and less popular as corporations are being held accountable for their actions. In times past the damage done by business was more localized and much less wi dely known. In today’s world mass media spreads the knowledge of wrongdoing like a brushfire. More than this, the damage, as in the housing crisis in the US, can impact business and government globally. Not only were the companies involved behaving unethically, but their bonus systems promoted such behaviour, since sales increased bonuses without regard to whether or not the buyer was able to pay. When too many were unable to pay, the US government guarantor organizations, Fanny May and Freddie Mac, were unable to cope with the volume. They had to be rescued by a government emergency program, and the effects were not localized at all, but were felt around the world (Gjerstad and Smith 2013, 437). The resulting US recession had echoes in all the major markets, including China, the UK, and the EU (Holt and Greenwood 2012, 363). The resulting foreclosures in the US damaged local neighbourhoods, depressed prices and increased crime (RW.ERROR - Unable to find reference:10926). Une mployment rose, causing more people to be unable to pay their mortgages and able buyers decreased further. Growth in housing markets around the world ended abruptly following the US crisis and global markets were profoundly negatively impacted (Scanlon, Lunde, and Whitehead 2011, 23). Because people around the world are so interconnected now and global markets and political and economic ties between nations are massive and deep, and all of these react almost instantly to each other, it has become critically important that organizations should behave ethically, both for their own good and that of the people of the world. Historically, business has not been very moral and management was based solely upon profit and rewarded by that standard, making it actually counterproductive individually for managers to behave ethically (Scott 2002, 33). Even if organizations continue to view ethics as being based upon what is good for the corporation, it is shown now that the corporate good is muc h more closely tied to the good of the whole range of stakeholders (Donaldson & Freeman 1994; Calton & Lad 1995). More transparency might be the way to develop ethical businesses without resorting to laws or prohibitions. If it affects the bottom line businesses will make change. All stakeholders should be involved, as each group has a different agenda and the bottom line is not

Arguments in Favor of Capital Punishment and its Alternatives Essay

Arguments in Favor of Capital Punishment and its Alternatives - Essay Example This punishment has been applicable since ancient times to curb crimes and bring felons before justice. World’s major religions such as Christianity and Islam have also prescribed death for murder, necromancy and rape attempts as presented in Holy books including Bible and Quran. For instance, we have to consider the viewpoints, arguments, opinions, ideas, and understanding of every individual as we live in the democratic society where every person enjoys the freedom of speech, expression, and open communication. It is worthwhile to mention the fact that anti-capital punishment campaigners usually disregard the universal truth that everyone is mortal when defending Life Imprisonment against the death penalty. For instance, such campaigners argue that life-long wait for natural death by criminals will increase their agony of torture and emotional anguish in comparison to the pain and hurt they receive before hanging in public for death. However, they fail to provide a legitimat e explanation against the argument raised by endorsers of the death penalty â€Å"whether Life Imprisonment to culprits is the just decision for those who have lost their loved ones killed by felonies for personal reasons†. Some of the major arguments raised for and against capital punishment will now be demonstrated in the following sections to reach an appropriate conclusion. The first major argument in favor of Capital Punishment by supporters is that it leads to permanent eradication of notorious criminal groups, gangs or individuals from society. In addition, the death penalty serves as an example that no one is beyond the law as well as permitted to take law in one’s hand by brutally assassinating the innocents in society. Also, the punishment makes society safer and restores the confidence of the general public, which remains frightened from the presence of such malefactors in prisons.

Hereditary Spherocytosis: Review of the Genetic Disorder

Hereditary Spherocytosis: Review of the Genetic Disorder Ginamar Galvan Abstract This review is on the studies of several scientists whom completed research on the genetic disorder, spherocytosis. Based on several articles in the literature, it was learned that spherocytosis is an inherited anemia caused by the dysfunction of the cell’s cytoskeleton. These articles provide information of hereditary spherocytosis comprising of the disorder on the molecular level and how the patient’s diagnosis is concluded using laboratory testing. Patients can be found to be affected on a certain level ranging from mild to severe. They are then prescribed remedial medical attention pertaining to their level. The research showed that a form of response is to undergo a splenectomy which can ease a patient’s ailment, but has been found to not correct the life span of erythrocytes unlike speculation that it did. Hereditary Spherocytosis: A Review on the Genetic Disorder Introduction Hereditary spherocytosis is an anemic disorder affecting the blood that causes erythrocytes to be produced as spheres while normal erythrocytes are shaped as concave disks. The spheroidal shape is caused by a loss of membrane surface relative to intracellular volume (Gallagher 2005). Spherocytosis is genetically based, meaning that it can be passed down from either parent who already encompasses the disorder. This disorder can be found in all racial classifications but is more prevalent in Caucasians (Oliveira et.al 2012). Spherocytosis in Northern Europe and North America have a 1 in 5000 births in reported incidences and is usually the cause of inherited chronic hemolysis (Huq et al., 2010 and Bolton-Maggs et al., 2004). In the reviewed literature, spherocytosis has been researched and discussed regarding various aspects of this disorder, including the functionality of erythrocytes and what occurs after diagnosis. Cellular Level of Spherocytosis In 1871, hereditary spherocytosis was first explained and the first splenectomy was also performed shortly after (Bolton-Maggs et al., 2004). Between family members, the expression of spherocytosis is somewhat similar but the degree of severity differs throughout. The cause of the irregular shape and lifespan of the erythrocytes is the defect of an element in the cytoskeleton which is made of proteins in which the vertical attachment of the proteins to the lipid bilayer membrane is affected and therefore it is weakened (Bolton-Maggs et al., 2004). Other elements that influence the shape of the cell includes problems with spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and/or protein 4.2 and the severity of the disorder is influenced by how many of these proteins are affected (Bolton-Maggs et al., 2004). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophorese is used as to determine whether or not these proteins have deficiencies. The defects in the genes of spherocytosis are present in five genes in chromosomes 1, 8, 14, 15 and 17 (Oliveira et al., 2012). Dysfunctions of these genes affect the membrane of the red blood cell which can threaten the cytoskeleton which is meant to maintain the form and elasticity of the cell. When the cytoskeleton is infringed upon, the red cell becomes abnormally shaped and does not live as long as a normal healthy cell (Oliveira et al., 2012). According to the article, â€Å"Guidelines for diagnosis and management of hereditary spherocytosis†, a hundred and seventy-four individuals were recruited from a hundr ed and twenty-three families and spectrin-deficient pro-bands were a larger cause than any other protein defect in patients when compared to parents who were seemingly regular. Diagnosis of Spherocytosis Hereditary spherocytosis is usually diagnosed when the patient is a child who has a varying extent of anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly (Bolton-Maggs et al., 2004). Family history is also very important when diagnosing because in most cases seventy-five percent of patients will have a family history of the disorder (Gallagher 2010). There are different varieties at which hereditary spherocytosis affects people and treatments can sometimes require blood transfusions. Complications may develop which include severe anemia which may cause growth delay, deferred sexual maturation, tumors, and skin ulcers and many of these patients are transfusion dependent (Gallagher 2010). The patients that participated in the clinical study at the Pediatric Hematology Center of Hospital das Clà ­nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in the journal, â€Å"Clinical course of 63 children with hereditary spherocytosis: a retrospective study†, were followed for about 19 years and had scheduled follow ups for every three months or in some cases more often if it was deemed necessary. They were diagnosed based upon their clinical history, physical examination and tests done in the laboratory and family histories were studied. Patients were classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on their hemoglobin concentration, bilirubin concentration and reticulocyte count and were also screened by ultrasonography to see if they had cholelithiasis. Splenectomy happened when there is an increase in the size of the organ and hemoglobin is decreased while reticulocyte count increased. Ones that needed a spleen sequestration were given immunizations and penicillin. When hemoglobin and reticulocyte count both decreased the patient was categorized to be in aplastic crisis. Most patients have somewhat balanced hemolysis accompanied by slight to average anemia. Anemia can be asymptomatic except for some fatigue and jaundice occurs in patients about half of the time which is usually in association with viral infections (Gallagher 2010). When some patients’ erythrocytes are stressed, patients may notice symptoms because their body is compensating with amplified erythropoiesis for their hemolysis (Gallagher 2010). In the journal, â€Å"Guidelines for diagnosis and management of hereditary spherocytosis†, several laboratory tests were used for diagnosis which includes osmotic fragility, acidified glycerol lysis test, osmotic gradient ektacytometry, and eosin-5-maleimide binding. Osmotic fragility is affected by elevated reticulocyte count while acidified glycerol lysis test detects autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as well as chronic renal failure. The osmotic gradient ektacytometry measures red cell deformability and the eosin-5-maleimide binding shows distinct histograms for red blood cells of spherocytosis. And in the journal, â€Å"Clinical course of 63 children with hereditary spherocytosis: a retrospective study†, the tests in the laboratory include the patient’s complete blood count, smear, reticulocyte count, concentration of bilirubin, positive osmotic fragility test and negative direct antiglobulin test. The osmotic fragility of the patients’ looked at the red blood cells in tubes that were washed in mixtures of increasing sodium chloride concentrations that were either put in incubation for 24 hours or not. Treatment of Spherocytosis There are ways to manage hereditary spherocytosis such as using folate therapy if the patient is severe, routine observation, frequent blood tests and in some cases splenectomy. Splenectomy can improve anemia in most patients including even the most severe. The splenectomy can be performed laproscopically and is the more preferred method because it causes less discomfort after the surgery, quicker recovery time, shorter hospitalization, and decreased costs. Splenectomy complications can occur including infection, bleeding and pancreatitis (Gallagher 2010). This operation used to be considered routine in hereditary spherocytosis patients but now is being reconsidered concerning the complications that can arise. The patients that usually receive a splenectomy are diagnosed to be severe or are older patients whose vital organs are inhibited vascularly (Gallagher 2010). Moderate patients possess more options and may not need a splenectomy. In â€Å"Clinical course of 63 children with hereditary spherocytosis: a retrospective study†, when patients were followed up, thirty-five patients needed transfusions and the need for them was more common in the severity group. Fourteen needed spleen sequestration, three had aplastic crisis, twenty-two had a splenectomy, seventeen developed cholelithiasis and ten had a cholecystectomy. Patients had different degrees of jaundice and anemia while most had some enlargement of the spleen. About 2/3 of the patients were anemic and seventy percent had splenomegaly. Patients that were classified as severe were younger and needed more blood transfusions than the other groups. A viral infection could lead to an overestimated severe classification because anemia level rises. All the patients were told and arranged to take folic acid. Does Splenetomy return Red Cell life span to normal? In some patients, anemia, reticulocytosis, and hyperbilirubinemia may disappear and cause some to infer that the patient no longer has problems with their red cell survival rate (Chapman 1968). Using a micro-hematocrit the hematocrit was determined, the reticulocytes were found in a methylene blue contained cover slip smear, and the red cell was counted by an electronic counter (Chapman 1968). The red cells that were being circulated were labeled with Diisopropyl fluorophosphates. DF32P were given to eleven patients that had a splenectomy two to twenty seven years before. The mean cellular hemoglobin content and concentration were higher in males than females. The concentration was of a normal degree in the females and above normal in all but one of the males (Chapman 1968). Mean red blood cell life spans were determined by the disappearance of radioactivity from the circulating blood by calculating linear regression. From the evidence the life span of the red blood cells seems to be somewhat dependent on age after their splenectomy. Patients that are within the same family do not show any consistency of the degree of spherocytosis expression. The red blood cell life span was averaged at about ninety-six days when normal life span is about one hundred twenty-three days (Chapman 1968). The range of life span between the patients ranged from seventy-six to one hundred eighteen days. From these results it is inferred that splenectomy does not repair red blood cell life span. Conclusion Hereditary spherocytosis is often identified in a patient’s childhood or early adult life, although, spherocytosis can be diagnosed at any age conditional to the entirety. This molecular disorder impacts their quality of life regarding aspects of treatment, finances, stress and recovery. As discoveries are made in this area of research, individuals will have a greater knowledge of spherocytosis and advancement in the treatment of this disorder including more options. References Bolton-Maggs, P. H. B., Stevens, R. F., Dodd, N. J., Lamont, G., Tittensor, P., KIng, M. -. (2004). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary spherocytosis.British Journal of Haematology, (126), 455-474. Retrieved from http://www.bloodmed.com/contentimage/guidelines/2121.pdf Chapman, R. G. (1968). Red cell life span after splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis.The Journal of Clinical Investigation,47(10), 2263–2267. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC297390/ Gallagher, P. (2005). Red Cell Membrane Disorders. Hematology 2005, 2005(1), 13-18. Retrieved , from http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2005/1/13.long Huq, S., Pietroni, M. A. C., Rahman, H., Alam, M. T. (2010). Hereditary spherocytosis.J Health Popul Nutr.,28(1), 107-109. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2975852/ Oliveira, M. C. L. A., Fernandes, R. A. F., Rodrigues, C. L., Ribeiro, D. A., Giovanardi, M. F., Viana, M. B. (2012). Clinical course of 63 children with hereditary spherocytosis: a retrospective study.Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter,34(1), 9-13. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459613/pdf/rbhh-34-009.pdf What Is The Importance Of Chelates In Biology? What Is The Importance Of Chelates In Biology? Chelation is the formation or presence of two or more separate bindings between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central atom. Usually these ligands are organic compounds, and are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents. The ligand forms a chelate complex with the substrate. Chelate complexes are contrasted with coordination complexes composed of monodentate ligands, which form only one bond with the central atom. The denticity of a central atom, of course, refers to the number of bonds formed by the central atom. Chelants, according to ASTM-A-380, are chemicals that form soluble, complex molecules with certain metal ions, inactivating the ions so that they cannot normally react with other elements or ions to produce precipitates or scale. The chelate effect. The chelate effect describes the enhanced affinity of chelating ligands for a metal ion compared to the affinity of a collection of similar nonchelating (monodentate) ligands for the same metal. Consider the two equilibria, in aqueous solution, between the copper(II) ion, Cu2+ and ethylenediamine (en) on the one hand and methylamine, MeNH2 on the other. Cu2+ + en [Cu(en)]2+ (1) Cu2+ + 2 MeNH2 [Cu(MeNH2)2]2+ (2) In (1) the bidentate ligand ethylene diamine forms a chelate complex with the copper ion. Chelation results in the formation of a five-membered ring. In (2) the bidentate ligand is replaced by two monodentate methylamine ligands of approximately the same donor power, meaning that the enthalpy of formation of Cu-N bonds is approximately the same in the two reactions. Under conditions of equal copper concentrations and when the concentration of methylamine is twice the concentration of ethylenediamine, the concentration of the complex (1) will be greater than the concentration of the complex (2). The effect increases with the number of chelate rings so the concentration of the EDTA complex, which has six chelate rings, is much much higher than a corresponding complex with two monodentate nitrogen donor ligands and four monodentate carboxylate ligands. Thus, the phenomenon of the chelate effect is a firmly established empirical fact. Cu2+ complexes with methylamine (left) and ethylenediamine (right) The thermodynamic approach to explaining the chelate effect considers the equilibrium constant for the reaction: the larger the equilibrium constant, the higher the concentration of the complex. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, Widely abbreviated as EDTA is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colourless, water-soluble solid. Its conjugate base is named ethylenediaminetetraacetate. It is widely used to dissolve scale. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a hexadentate (six-toothed) ligand and chelating agent, i.e. its ability to sequester metal ions such as Ca2+ and Fe3+. After being bound by EDTA, metal ions remain in solution but exhibit diminished reactivity. EDTA is produced as several salts, notably disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA. EDTA is used to bind metal ions in chelation therapy, e.g., for mercury and lead poisoning. It is used in a similar manner to remove excess iron from the body. This therapy is used to treat the complication of repeated blood transfusions, as would be applied to treat thalassaemia. EDTA acts as a powerful antioxidant to prevent free radicals from injuring blood vessel walls. Dentists use EDTA solutions to remove inorganic debris (smear layer) and prepare root canals for obturation. It serves as a preservative (usually to enhance the action of another preservative such as benzalkonium chloride or thiomersal) in ocular preparations and eyedrops. In evaluating kidney function, the complex [Cr(edta)]- is administered intravenously and its filtration into the urine is monitored. This method is useful for evaluating glomerular filtration rate. EDTA is used extensively in the analysis of blood. It is an anticoagulant for blood samples for CBC/FBEs (complete blood count also known as full blood examination). Laboratory studies also suggest that EDTA chelation may prevent collection of platelets on the lining of the vessel [such as arteries] (which can otherwise lead to formation of blood clots, which itself is associated with atheromatous plaque formation or rupture, and thereby ultimately disrupts blood flow). These ideas are theoretical, and have so far been proven ineffective; however, a major clinical study of the effects of EDTA on coronary arteries is currently (2008) proceeding. EDTA played a role in the O.J. Simpson trial when the defense alleged that one of the blood samples collected from Simpsons estate was found to contain traces of the compound. In nature Virtually all biochemicals exhibit the ability to dissolve certain metal cations. Thus, proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleic acids are excellent polydentate ligands for many metal ions. In addition to these adventitious chelators, several biomolecules are produced to specifically bind certain metals . Histidine, malate and phytochelatin are typical chelators used by plants. Histidine (abbreviated as His or H) is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. In terms of nutrition, histidine is considered an essential amino acid in human infants. After reaching several years of age, humans begin to synthesize it, at which point it becomes a non-essential amino acid. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Malic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H. This carboxylic diacid is the active ingredient in many sour or tart foods. Malic acid is found mostly in unripe fruits. Malic acid has two stereoisomers, a left-handed L-enantiomer and a right-handed D-enantiomer, but only the L isomer exist naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Phytochelatins are oligomers of glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase. They are found in plants, fungi, nematodes and all groups of algae including cyanobacteria. Phytochelatins act as chelators, and are important for heavy metal detoxification.They are abbreviated PC2 through PC11. A mutant Arabidopsis thaliana lacking phytochelatin synthase is very sensitive to cadmium, but it grows just as well as the wild-type plant at normal concentrations of zinc and copper, two essential metal ions, indicating that phytochelatin is only involved in resistance to metal poisoning. Phytochelatin seems to be transported into the vacuole of plants, so that the metal ions it carries are stored safely away from the proteins of the cytosol. In biochemistry and microbiology Virtually all metalloenzymes feature metals that are chelated, usually to peptides or cofactors and prosthetic groups. Such chelating agents include the porphyrin rings in hemoglobin and chlorophyll. Many microbial species produce water-soluble pigments that serve as chelating agents, termed siderophores. For example, species of Pseudomonas are known to secrete pycocyanin and pyoverdin that bind iron. Enterobactin, produced by E. coli, is the strongest chelating agent known. Porphyrins are a group of organic compounds of which many occur in nature. One of the best-known porphyrins is heme, the pigment in red blood cells. Heme is a cofactor of the protein hemoglobin. They are heterocyclic macrocycles composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their ÃŽÂ ± carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH-). Porphyrins are aromatic Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of vertebrates and the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood is what transports oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen for cell use. In mammals the protein makes up about 97% of the red blood cells dry content, and around 35% of the total content (including water). Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.37 ml O2 per gram of hemoglobin, which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold. Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: it carries some of the bodys respiratory carbon dioxide (about 10% of the total) as carbaminohemoglobin, in which CO2 is bound to the globin protein. The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group, releasing it at the same time as oxygen. Heme group Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, followed by the red portion. However, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum, hence the green color of chlorophyll-containing tissues. Chlorophyll was first isolated by Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817. In geology In earth science, chemical weathering is attributed to organic chelating agents, e.g. peptides and sugars, that extract metal ions from minerals and rocks. Most metal complexes in the environment and in nature are bound in some form of chelate ring, e.g. with a humic acid or a protein. Thus, metal chelates are relevant to the mobilization of metals in the soil, the uptake and the accumulation of metals into plants and micro-organisms. Selective chelation of heavy metals is relevant to bioremediation, e.g. removal of 137Cs from radioactive waste. Applications Chelators are used in chemical analysis, as water softeners, and are ingredients in many commercial products such as shampoos and food preservatives. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. A common synthetic chelator is EDTA. Phosphonates are also well known chelating agents. Chelators are used in water treatment programs and specifically in steam engineering, e.g., boiler water treatment system: Chelant Water Treatment system. Heavy metal detoxification. Chelation therapy is the use of chelating agents to detoxify poisonous metal agents such as mercury, arsenic, and lead by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted without further interaction with the body, and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1991. In alternative medicine, chelation is used as a treatment for autism, though this practice is controversial due to no scientific plausibility, lack of FDA approval, and its potentially deadly side-effects. Though they can be beneficial in cases of heavy metal poisoning, chelating agents can also be dangerous. The U.S. CDC reports that use of disodium EDTA instead of calcium EDTA has resulted in fatalities due to hypocalcemia. Other medical applications Antibiotic drugs of the tetracycline family are chelators of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. EDTA is also used in root canal treatment as a way to irrigate the canal. EDTA softens the dentin facilitating access to the entire canal length and to remove the smear layer formed during instrumentation. Chelate complexes of gadolinium are often used as contrast agents in MRI scans. Copper-64 is a radioactive nuclide of copper which has unique decay properties making it useful in nuclear medicine for both imaging and therapy. 64Cu-ATSM (diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)) has been shown to increase the survival time of tumor-bearing animals with no acute toxicity. Areas of low oxygen retention have been shown to be resistant to radiotherapy because hypoxia reduces the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. 64Cu was believed to kill these cells because of its unique decay properties. In this experiment, animal models having colorectal tumors with and without induced hypoxia were administered Cu-ATSM. Cu-ATSM is preferentially taken up by hypoxic cells over normoxic cells. The results demonstrated that this compound increased survival of the tumor bearing hamsters compared with controls. In the control groups, death due to tumor burden occurred within 4 weeks while animals with a dose greater than 6 mCi of the radioisotope tumor growth was inhibited and survival increased. The results also suggested that multiple doses and a single dose of 10 mCi were equally effective while the multiple dose regimen i s safer for non-target tissue. Radiotherapy of cancer cells using 64Cu can be applied in medical research and clinical practice. The advantages of radiotherapy with beta emitters of this energy are that there is enough to do substantial damage to the target cells but the mean range in tissue is less than a millimeter so non target tissues are unlikely to be harmed. In addition, 64Cu is a positron emitter making it a viable PET imaging radionuclide which can give real time images of the physiological processes in the system. These abilities in conjunction enable accurate monitoring of drug distribution and biokinetics simultaneously. Radiotherapeutic efficacy of Copper-64 depends highly upon the radioligand delivery to the target cells, so the development of bifunctional chelates is central to development of 64Cus potential as a radiopharmaceutical. With sufficient development, 64Cu is likely to become a central element in nuclear medicine in the years to come. A preliminary study of the bio availability of iron- and zinc-glycine chelates Groups of rats were fed diets containing marginal levels of Fe and Zn as glycine chelates (tradename Chelazome, Albion Laboratories, Verona, New Jersey, USA), or the same level of mineral as ferrous sulphate or zinc carbonate. The Fe diets were fed to weanling rats for 4 weeks and the Zn diets to young adult rats for 5 weeks. Blood Hb concentrations were significantly higher in the group fed Fe-chelazome than ferrous sulphate, 149 and 128 g/l respectively (P